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Checksum
A checksum is a value that is used to check the integrity of data. Checksums are generated by a function that is dependent upon the data in question. For security purposes, checksums are generated by one-way hash functions. Once a checksum has been generated, it is either stored with or transmitted with the data in question. The integrity of the data can be checked by generating a new checksum. If the two checksums are identical, then the file has not changed. If the two checksums are different, then the data (or file) in question has been altered.
Chosen ciphertext attack
An attack where the cryptanalyst may choose the ciphertext to be decrypted.
Chosen plaintext attack
A form of cryptanalysis where the cryptanalyst may choose the plaintext to be encrypted.
Cipher
An encryption - decryption cryptographic algorithm.
Cipher Block Chaining (CBC)
A block cipher form which improves electronic codebook mode because it chains together blocks of ciphertext it makes. This form operates by combining the algorithm's ciphertext output block with the next plaintext block in order to make the next input block.